凯撒(前100年～西元前44年)

Caesar, (Gaius) Julius

着名的罗马将军、政治家、独裁者。生为贵族，凯撒曾担任财务官和行政长官等要职，西元前61年～西元前60年出任西班牙远征军的统帅。西元前60年他与庞培、克拉苏形成第一次三头政治，西元前59年当选执政官，西元前58年被选为高卢与伊利里亚的总督。他主导高卢战争，在这段期间，他入侵不列颠（西元前55、西元前54年），并跨越莱因河（西元前55、西元前53年）後，元老院命令他交出兵权，因为元老院畏惧他大权在握，就像先前已怀疑庞培一样。当元老院没有同时命令庞培交出兵权时，凯撒违反了规定，带着军队跨越高卢与义大利之间的鲁比孔河（西元前49年），使罗马陷入内战。庞培从义大利逃走，但在西元前48年被凯撒赶上并击败，接着逃往埃及，而在那里被杀。凯撒随着庞培来到埃及，成为克丽奥佩脱拉的情人，并在军事上支援她。西元前46～西元前45年，他打败庞培最後一批支持者。凯撒被罗马人封为终生独裁者。人们献给他王冠（西元前44年），但他拒绝，因为他知道罗马人对国王没有好感。3月15日他在元老院被加西阿斯、布鲁图为首的密谋分子刺杀，当时他正准备进行一系列的政治及社会改革。他论述高卢战争及内战的着作被视为古典历史学的典范。

English version：

前100年～西元前44年

Caesar, (Gaius) Julius

Celebrated Roman general, statesman, and dictator. A patrician by birth, he held the prominent posts of quaestor and praetor before becoming governor of Farther Spain 61-60. He formed the First Triumvirate with Pompey and Marcus Licinius Crassus in 60 and was elected consul in 59 and proconsul in Gaul and Illyria in 58. After conducting the Gallic Wars, during which he invaded Britain (55, 54) and crossed the Rhine (55, 53), he was instructed by the Senate to lay down his command, Senate conservatives having grown wary of his increasing power, as had a suspicious Pompey. When the Senate would not command Pompey to give up his command simultaneously, Caesar, against regulations, led his forces across the Rubicon River (49) between Gaul and Italy, precipitating the Roman Civil War. Pompey fled from Italy, but was pursued and defeated by Caesar in 48, then fled to Egypt, where he was murdered. Having followed Pompey to Egypt, Caesar became lover to Cleopatra and supported her militarily. He defeated Pompey's last supporters in 46-45. He was named dictator for life by the Romans. He was offered the crown (44) but refused it, knowing the Romans' dislike for kings. He was in the midst of launching a series of political and social reforms when he was assassinated in the Senate House on the ides of March by conspirators led by Cassius and Brutus. His writings on the Gallic and Civil wars are considered models of classical historiography.

参考文章

• “凯撒的东西，还给凯撒”的由来文学