麦迪奇家族(Medici family)

义大利资产阶级家族，约在1430～1737年期间曾先後统治过佛罗伦斯和後来的托斯卡尼。该家族以其经常出现的残暴统治者和大力赞助艺术而闻名。此家族中有四人成为教宗（利奥十世、克雷芒七世、庇护四世、利奥十一世），其成员还与欧洲皇室通婚，最着名的是与法国皇室的联姻（卡特琳.德.麦迪奇和玛丽.德.麦迪奇）。该家族最有影响力的创始人是乔凡尼.迪.比奇.德.麦迪奇（1360～1429），他原是一名商人，透过经商积累了大量的财富，1421～1429年是佛罗伦斯的精神领袖。他的两个儿子开创了该家族的主要分支，所谓的大麦迪奇分支始於科西莫.德.麦迪奇。乔凡尼的孙子洛伦佐.德.麦迪奇（或称「高贵的洛伦佐」），使该家族的势力大为扩张。他的儿子朱利亚诺.德.麦迪奇则被法国封为内穆尔公爵。他的另一个儿子乔凡尼将来则成为教宗利奥十世。洛伦佐的大孙女就是後来的卡特琳。科希莫的另一个孙子朱利奥.德.麦迪奇（1478～1534）後来成了教宗克雷芒七世，可能是其私生子的亚历山德罗.德.麦迪奇是一位暴君，也是大麦迪奇家族的最後一位直系男丁。所谓的小麦迪奇家族始於乔凡尼的幼子洛伦佐.德.麦迪奇。洛伦佐的儿子乔凡尼娶了有势力的斯福尔札家族的凯蒂琳娜.斯福尔札，所生的孩子小乔凡尼後来是一位着名的将军。他的儿子科西莫一世当上了佛罗伦斯公爵。而科西莫的儿子弗朗切斯科（1541～1587）就是玛丽.德.麦迪奇王后的父亲。科西莫一世的孙子科西莫二世（1590～1621）放弃了家族经营的银行业和商业。他的孙子科西莫三世（1642～1723）是一位软弱的统治者，在他的统治下，托斯卡尼逐渐衰败。他的儿子吉安.加斯托内.德.麦迪奇（1671～1737）是托斯卡尼最後一位大公爵，死後无嗣。

English version：

Medici family

Italian bourgeois family that ruled Florence and later Tuscany from c. 1430 to 1737. The family, noted for its often tyrannical rulers and its beneficent patrons of the arts, also provided the church with four popes (Leo X, Clement VII, Pius IV, and Leo XI) and married into the royal families of Europe, notably in France (Catherine de Médicis and Marie de Médicis). The effective founder of the family was Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici (1360-1429), a merchant who amassed great wealth in trade and was the virtual ruler of Florence 1421-29. From his two sons derived the major branches of the family. The so-called elder branch began with Cosimo de' Medici. His grandson, Lorenzo de' Medici, or Lorenzo the Magnificent, greatly expanded the family's power. His son Giuliano de' Medici became duc de Nemours. Another son, Giovanni, became Pope Leo X. Lorenzo's great-granddaughter became Catherine de Médicis. Another of Cosimo's grandsons, Giulio de' Medici (1478-1534) became pope as Clement VII. His probable illegitimate son, Alessandro de' Medici, a tyrant, was the last of the direct male line of the elder branch. The so-called younger branch of the family began with Giovanni's younger son Lorenzo de' Medici. His son Giovanni married Caterina Sforza of the powerful Sforza family, and their son Giovanni de' Medici became a noted general. His son Cosimo I de' Medici became duke of Florence, and Cosimo's son Francesco de' Medici (1541-1587) was the father of Marie de Médicis. Cosimo I's grandson Cosimo II (1590-1621) gave up the family practice of banking and commerce. His grandson Cosimo III (1642-1723) was a weak ruler, under whom Tuscany's power declined. His son Gian Gastone de' Medici (1671-1737), who died without issue, was the last grand duke of Tuscany.