塞尔维亚与蒙特内哥罗(Serbia and Montenegro)

巴尔干半岛中西部联邦国家，由塞尔维亚和蒙特内哥罗两共和国组成。面积102,173平方公里。人口约10,677,000（2001）。首都︰贝尔格勒。居民为阿尔巴尼亚人、塞尔维亚人、蒙特内哥罗人、匈牙利人以及其他种族。语言︰塞尔维亚－克罗埃西亚语（官方语）和阿尔巴尼亚语。宗教：塞尔维亚东正教、伊斯兰教、天主教以及新教。货币︰南斯拉夫新第纳尔。塞尔维亚与蒙特内哥罗南部2/3是山脉，西部为第拿里阿尔卑斯山脉，东部为巴尔干山脉。河流包括多瑙河、伊巴尔河、摩拉瓦河、蒂米什河和提苏河。该国有石油、天然气、煤、铜、铅、锌和金矿等矿藏。工业包括机械装置、冶金、采矿、电子和石油制品。农产品有玉米、小麦、马铃薯和水果。政府形式为共和国，两院制。国家元首是总统，政府首脑为总理。

奥匈帝国在第一次世界大战结束後解体，成立了塞尔维亚－克罗埃西亚－斯洛维尼亚王国。1920～1921年与捷克斯洛伐克和罗马尼亚签订条约，象徵小协约国的开始。1929年建立专制君主制，改国名为南斯拉夫，疆域未考虑到种族疆界来画定。1941年轴心国军队入侵南斯拉夫，第二次世界大战的後来期间，曾被德国、义大利、匈牙利和保加利亚军队占领。1945年成立南斯拉夫社会主义联邦共和国，其中包括波士尼亚赫塞哥维纳、克罗埃西亚、马其顿、蒙特内哥罗、塞尔维亚和斯洛维尼亚。在狄托领导下的独立共产主义形式激怒了苏联，导致1948年自共产党和工人党情报局开除。1980年代内部种族紧张局势燃起，使得国家瓦解。1991～1992年克罗埃西亚、斯洛维尼亚、马其顿和波士尼亚赫塞哥维纳宣布独立，塞尔维亚和蒙特内哥罗组成南斯拉夫联邦共和国（人口约占先前共和国的45%，土地占40%）。长期种族紧张、敌意局势，持续进行至1990年代（参阅Bosnian conflict）。虽在1995年签订达顿和约，但零星战斗仍持续着，1998～1999年塞尔维亚在科索沃进行镇压并驱逐种族人口（参阅Kosovo conflict）。2003年改国名为塞尔维亚与蒙特内哥罗。

English version：

Serbia and Montenegro

Federated country, western central Balkan Peninsula, consisting of the republics of Serbia and Montenegro. Area: 39,449 sq mi (102,173 sq km). Population (1997 est.): 10,632,000. Capital: Belgrade. The population comprises Serbian, Albanian, Montenegrin, Hungarian, and other ethnic groups. Languages: Serbo-Croatian (official), Albanian. Religions: Serbian Orthodoxy, Islam, Catholicism, Protestantism. Currency: Yugoslav new dinar. The southern two-thirds of Yugoslavia is mountainous, with the Dinaric Alps in the west and the Balkan Mtns. in the east. Rivers include the Danube, Ibar, Morava, Timis, and Tisza. The country has oil, gas, coal, copper, lead, zinc, and gold deposits. Its industries include machine building, metallurgy, mining, electronics, and petroleum products, while its agricultural products include corn, wheat, potatoes, and fruit. It is a federal republic with two legislative houses; its chief of state is the federal president, and the head of government is the prime minister. The Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovens was created after the collapse of Austria-Hungary at the end of World War I. The country signed treaties with Czechoslovakia and Romania 1920-21, marking the beginning of the Little Entente. In 1929 an absolute monarchy was established, the country's name was changed to Yugoslavia, and it was divided without regard to ethnic boundaries. Axis powers invaded Yugoslavia in 1941, and German, Italian, Hungarian, and Bulgarian troops occupied it for the rest of World War II. In 1945 the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was established; it included the republics of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia. Its independent form of Communism under Tito's leadership, provoked the U.S.S.R. and led to its expulsion from the Cominform in 1948. Internal ethnic tensions flared up in the 1980s, causing the country to collapse. In 1991-92 independence was declared by Croatia, Slovenia, Macedonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina; the new Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (containing roughly 45% of the population and 40% of the area of its predecessor) was proclaimed by Serbia and Montenegro. Still fueled by long-standing ethnic tensions, hostilities continued into the 1990s (see Bosnian conflict). Despite the approval of the Dayton peace accord (1995), sporadic fighting continued and was followed in 1998-99 by Serbian repression and expulsion of ethnic populations in Kosovo (see Kosovo conflict).