古典建筑(Classical architecture)

在古代希腊和罗马--特别是从西元前5世纪的希腊到西元3世纪的罗马--强调柱和山形墙的建筑。希腊建筑主要奠基於梁柱体系（建议改「梁」为「梁」），以柱子支撑建筑的重量。大理石和石材的建筑取代木造建筑。作为与人类成比例之单元的圆柱，在神殿的全部比例中作为模数。可能是最早出现的多里斯柱式，仍然是希腊本土与西部殖民地最喜爱采用的柱式。爱奥尼亚柱式则发展於希腊东部；希腊本土，它主要运用在较小的神殿与室内。希腊建筑最伟大的成就是雅典卫城。在西元前5世纪晚期之前，柱式运用在柱廊和剧院这类结构中。希腊化时代则产生更为精致与装饰富丽的建筑风格，通常兴建巨大的建筑物。这许多巨大的建筑物是世俗性的，而非宗教性；爱奥尼亚柱式，以及特别更推陈出新的科林斯柱式，受到广泛运用。罗马人采用希腊的柱式，并增加两种新的类型（多斯加尼柱式〔Tuscan〕以及组合柱式〔Composite〕）；科林斯柱式在当时仍最受到欢迎。罗马的建筑师不只是采用圆柱作为功能的承载成份，也将它们应用於装饰上。虽然罗马人严格地尊奉平衡，他们仍采用各种不同的空间形式。而希腊的神殿则较为孤立，并且几乎都东西座向；罗马的神殿则带着敬意指向其他建筑物。罗马的圆柱同时支撑拱与檐部，因而在空间上容许更大的自由度。混凝土的发现大幅推进采用拱、拱顶和圆屋顶来兴造建筑物，一如在万神庙中所使用的方式。其他的公共建筑包括巴西利卡、澡堂（参阅thermae）、圆形剧场；圆形竞技场和凯旋门。古典主义建筑也可意指後世运用希腊或罗马之形式的建筑。

English version：

Classical architecture

Architecture of ancient Greece and Rome, especially from the 5th century BC in Greece to the 3rd century AD in Rome, that emphasized the column and pediment. Greek architecture was based chiefly on the post-and-beam system, with columns carrying the load. Timber construction was superseded by construction in marble and stone. The column, a unit human in scale, was used as a module for all of a temple's proportions. The Doric order, probably the earliest, remained the favorite of the Greek mainland and western colonies. The Ionic order developed in eastern Greece; on the mainland, it was used chiefly for smaller temples and interiors. The greatest Greek architectural achievement was the Athens acropolis. By the late 5th century BC, the orders were applied to such structures as stoas and theaters. The Hellenistic Age produced more elaborate and richly decorated architecture, with often colossal buildings. Many of the great buildings were secular rather than religious, and the Ionic and especially the newer Corinthian orders were widely used. The Romans used the Greek orders and added two new ones (Tuscan and Composite); the Corinthian was by far the most popular. Roman architects used columns not only as functional bearing elements, but also as applied (engaged) decoration. Though rigidly adhering to symmetry, the Romans used a variety of spatial forms. Whereas Greek temples were isolated and almost always faced east-west, Roman temples were oriented with respect to other buildings. Roman columns carried arches as well as entablatures, permitting greater spatial freedom. The discovery of concrete enormously facilitated construction using the arch, vault, and dome, as in the Pantheon. Other public buildings included basilicas, baths (see thermae), amphitheaters, and triumphal arches. Classical architecture may also refer to architecture of later periods that employs Greek or Roman forms.