组织培养(tissue culture)

一种生物学研究方法，将取自动物或植物体的小块组织转移到该组织能在其中继续生存并发挥功能的人工环境中，而被培养的组织可为单个细胞、一群细胞或器官的一部分或整个器官。这种方法常用於研究正常和反常的细胞结构；生物化学、遗传和生殖活动；代谢、功能和老化及康复过程；对物理、化学及生物作用（如药品、病毒）的反应等。一个微小的组织样体细胞能在生物原料制成的培养基（如血清和组织提取物）、合成化合物组成的培养基，或两者混合而成的培养基上生长。培养基必须含有待研究细胞所必需的营养物质，酸硷值和温度也必须适宜。培养的结果可用显微镜观察，有时可透过部分处理（如着色）来提高特定观察部位的亮度。一些病毒也会在组织培养中生长。组织培养技术在鉴定感染、缺陷、染色体异常、分类脑肿瘤，以及配制、测验药物和疫苗方面已发挥很大作用。

English version：

tissue culture

Biological research method in which tissue fragments (a cell, a population of cells, or all or part of an organ) are sustained in an artificial environment for examination and manipulation of cell behavior. It has been used to study normal and abnormal cell structure; biochemical, genetic, and reproductive activity; metabolism, functions, and aging and healing processes; and reactions to physical, chemical, and biological agents (e.g., drugs, viruses). A tiny sample of the tissue is spread on or in a culture medium of biological (e.g., blood serum or tissue extract), synthetic, or mixed origin having the appropriate nutrients, temperature, and pH for the cells being incubated. The results are observed with a microscope, sometimes after treatment (e.g., staining) to highlight particular features. Some viruses also grow in tissue cultures. Work with tissue cultures has helped identify infections, enzyme deficiencies, and chromosomal abnormalities; classify brain tumors; and formulate and test drugs and vaccines.

参考文章

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• 简述药用植物细胞组织培养的概念及其特点。药学