伊凡四世(1530～1584年)

Ivan IV

俄语全名Ivan Vasilyevich

别名恐怖的伊凡（Ivan the Terrible）

莫斯科大公（1533～1584），俄国第一代沙皇（1533～1584）。在经过一段长期的摄政後（1533～1546）才被加冕为沙皇（1547），以大刀阔斧改革为施政特色，其中包括行政集权化，设立教会会议整顿教会事务，并成立第一个国会（1549）。他还制定限制波雅尔（boyar）权力的改革。在征服喀山和阿斯特拉罕後，与瑞典、波兰展开一场夺控利沃尼亚的战争（1558～1583），但却失败了。伊凡在战败和一些俄罗斯波雅尔涉嫌谋叛以後，成立一块沙皇禁苑（oprichnina）领地，与国家其他地方隔绝，置於他的私人控管下。由於拥有一大批贴身护卫，他撤销自己的随从，把俄罗斯的经营权交给其他人。同时，他还制订一套恐怖统治政策，处死数千名波雅尔，并掠夺诺夫哥罗德的城市。1570年代期间，他在九年内娶了五个妻子，1581年在一次暴怒之下，杀了唯一的继承人伊凡。

English version：

1530～1584年

Ivan IV

Grand prince of Moscow (1533-84) and first czar of Russia (1547-84). Crowned czar in 1547 after a long regency (1533-46), he embarked on wide-ranging reforms, including a centralized administration, church councils that systematized the church's affairs, and the first national assembly (1549). He also instituted reforms to limit the powers of the boyars. After conquering Kazan (1552) and Astrakhan (1556), he engaged in an unsuccessful war to control Livonia, fighting against Sweden and Poland (1558-83). After the defeat and the suspected treason of several Russian boyars, Ivan formed an oprichnina, a territory separate from the rest of the state and under his personal control. With a large bodyguard, he withdrew into his own entourage and left Russia's management to others. At the same time, he instituted a reign of terror, executing thousands of boyars and ravaging the city of Novgorod. During the 1570s he married five wives in nine years, and in a fit of rage, he murdered his only heir, Ivan, in 1581.