查理一世(1600～1649年)

Charles I

英国和爱尔兰国王（1625～1649）。苏格兰詹姆斯一世之子。他从父亲那里继承了君权神授观念，在早期的书信中曾透露出对下议院的不信任。1625年践位，不久和亨丽埃塔.玛丽亚结婚。同年召开第一届国会，因宗教议题、向西班牙进军和普遍对他的顾问白金汉公爵第一的不信任，造成他与国会之间的冲突。在解散几次国会议期後，他曾持续统治王国十一年而不再召开国会。查理为了不再仰赖国会的拨款，1634年开始徵收所谓的造船费。1639年与苏格兰开战，查理为了筹集军费，在次年召集了短期国会和长期国会。最後因他的独裁统治和再度与国会争吵而爆发了英国内战。他的军队在第二次战役後开始吃败仗，军队指责查理为「制造混乱的罪魁祸首」，要求以叛国罪对查理进行审讯。1649年法庭判他有罪，并把他处决，克伦威尔宣布共和。

English version：

1600～1649年

Charles I

King of Great Britain and Ireland (1625-49). Son of James I, he acquired from his father a belief in the divine right of kings, and his earliest surviving letters reveal a distrust of the House of Commons. He became king in 1625 and soon after married Henrietta Maria. He came into conflict with his first Parliament because of religious issues, his war against Spain, and the general distrust of his adviser the 1st duke of Buckingham. After dissolving several successive Parliaments, Charles ruled his kingdom for 11 years without calling a Parliament. Among the measures he took to be independent of parliamentary grants was the levying of ship money. In 1639 he went to war against Scotland, and the need to raise money prompted him to summon what came to be known as the Short Parliament and the Long Parliament. Eventually his authoritarian rule and quarrels with Parliament provoked the English Civil Wars. After his forces were defeated in the second of these wars, the army demanded that he stand trial for treason as “the grand author of our troubles.” In 1649 he was convicted and executed, and Oliver Cromwell proclaimed the Commonwealth.