凯基(1912～1992年)

Cage, John (Milton)

美国前卫派作曲家和作家。父为发明家，曾随荀白克和柯维尔学音乐。1940年代初开始和编舞家康宁汉密切合作。早期作品采用十二音手法，到了1943年，其实验性音乐使他成为音乐界奇葩。不久转而研究佛教禅宗，得出结论认为，创造音乐的一切活动都应视为单一自然过程的一部分，并把各种声音都看作潜在的乐音。在音乐中建立了「非决定论原则」，他在作品中采用许多手法以确保随机性，作品中运用越来越多的独创记谱法，并常用到道教的《易经》。到了1960年代，已扩大到多媒体的运用。其异类作品包括：《酒神祭》（1938，加料钢琴之作）、《幻景第四》（1951）、《4分33秒》（1952）、《方坦纳混合音响》（1958）、HPSCHD（1969，采用七名大键琴独奏者和五十一台录音机，并运用非音乐媒体）和电子音乐作品《罗阿拉托里奥》（1979）。此外，发表着述多种，包括《寂静无声》（1961）和《M》（1973）等。其对国际的影响力远较先前的美国作曲家来得大。

English version：

1912～1992年

Cage, John (Milton)

U.S. avant-garde composer and writer. Born in Los Angeles, the son of an inventor, he studied with A. Schoenberg and H. Cowell. From the early 1940s he was closely associated with the choreographer Merce Cunningham. Though he began as a twelve-tone composer, by 1943 his sonic experiments had marked him as notably original. He soon turned to Zen Buddhism and concluded that all activities that make up music are part of a single natural process and that all sounds are potentially musical; thenceforth he advocated indeterminism and endeavored to ensure randomness in his works, which called for increasingly inventive notation and often relied on the Taoist Yi jing (I ching). By the 1960s he had expanded into the realm of multimedia. His disparate works include Bacchanale for prepared piano (1938), Imaginary Landscape No. 4 for 12 radios (1951), Fontana Mix for tape (1958), HPSCHD for seven harpsichords, 51 tapes, and nonmusical media (1969), and Roaratorio (1979). His widely read books include Silence (1961), A Year from Monday (1967), Notations (1969), and M (1973). His international influence was far greater than that of any previous American composer.