第二次北方战争(1700～1721年)

Northern War, Second，亦称大北方战争（Great Northern War）。

对瑞典在波罗的海地区称霸提出挑战而引起的武装冲突。由於瑞典不断向波罗的海沿岸地区扩张，激怒了俄国、丹麦－挪威及萨克森－波兰，而於1698年组织反瑞典联盟。1700年它们进攻瑞典控制的地区，瑞典国王查理十二世成功地抵御了进攻，恢复战前的情势。但俄国还是成功地在波罗的海东岸建立起自己的势力，1703年彼得大帝（彼得一世）在圣彼得堡建立新首都。1707年瑞典又一次向俄国进攻，但在波尔塔瓦战役（1709）中惨败。1710～1711年瑞典与土耳其联手进攻俄国，但此时从新组合的反瑞典联盟又增加了英格兰和普鲁士，使瑞典在多处受挫。1917年查理同意和平谈判，但翌年他又率兵攻打挪威，而在战斗中被杀。查理的继承人腓特烈一世在1719～1721年展开了一连串的和谈，包括签署「尼斯塔得条约」，将爱沙尼亚、利沃尼亚和其他领土割让给俄国。这场战争意味着瑞典势力的削弱和俄国崛起成为该地区的大国。

English version：

1700～1721年

Northern War, Second

Military conflict to challenge Sweden's supremacy in the Baltic area. Sweden's expansion in the Baltic Sea coastlands antagonized Russia, Denmark-Norway, and Saxony-Poland, which formed an anti-Swedish coalition in 1698. They attacked Swedish-held regions in 1700, but Sweden's Charles XII successfully countered the attacks and restored the status quo. The Russians eventually succeeded in establishing their power on the eastern Baltic coast, and Peter I the Great founded his new capital of St. Petersburg there in 1703. Sweden renewed its attack on Russia in 1707, but was defeated at the Battle of Poltava (1709). Despite an alliance with Turkey against Russia (1710-11), Swedish forces suffered defeats in its territories by the revived anti-Swedish coalition, which by then included England and Prussia. Charles opened peace negotiations in 1717, but in 1718 he invaded southeastern Norway, where he was killed. His successor, Frederick I (1676-1751), negotiated peace settlements in 1719-21, including the Treaty of Nystad, which ceded Estonia, Livonia, and other territory to Russia. The war marked the decline of Swedish influence and the emergence of Russia as a major power.