托洛斯基(1879～1940年)

Trotsky, Leon，原名为Lev Davidovich Bronshtein。

俄罗斯共产党领导人。他出生在乌克兰的一个俄罗斯犹太人家庭，曾参加地下社会主义者组织，并在1898年因其革命运动被流放。他在1902年用一个伪造的护照逃脱，护照上用了托洛斯基的名字。他流亡到伦敦，在那里遇见了列宁。1903年俄国社会民主工党分裂，托洛斯基成为了孟什维克人，同列宁的反对党人联合。他返回圣彼得堡协助领导了1905年俄国革命，再度被捕并流放西伯利亚後，他写了《结果与前景》，提出了他的「不断革命」的理论。他在1907年逃到维也纳，在巴尔干战争中担任记者（1912～1913），并曾游历欧洲和美国，直到1917年俄国革命将他召唤回圣彼得堡（那时已更名为彼得格勒），他在那里成为了一名布尔什维克人，并被选举为工人苏维埃的领导人。他在推翻临时政府时起到了重要的作用并建立了列宁的共产主义王国。作为战争的人民委员（1918～1924），托洛斯基在俄国内战期间重建并指挥了红军。虽然列宁希望让他成为自己的接班人，但他却在列宁逝世（1924）後失去了他的支持者并被史达林排挤而失去了权力。在经历了一系列的谴责後，他被逐出政治局（1926）和中央委员会（1927），後离开俄国过着流亡的生活。他曾在土耳其和法国居住，并在那里写了他和回忆录和革命历史。在苏维埃的压力下，他被迫在欧洲各国流浪，最终在1936年定居墨西哥。在那里，他被冤枉成反对史达林的清党审判的策画人，1940年被西班牙共产党人暗杀。

English version：

1879～1940年

Trotsky, Leon

Russian communist leader. Born in the Ukraine to Russian-Jewish farmers, he joined an underground socialist group and was exiled to Siberia in 1898 for his revolutionary activities. He escaped in 1902 with a forged passport using the name Trotsky. He fled to London, where he met Vladimir Ilich Lenin. In 1903, when the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party split, Trotsky became a Menshevik, allying himself with Lenin's opponents. He returned to St. Petersburg to help lead the Russian Revolution of 1905. Arrested and again exiled to Siberia, he wrote Results and Prospects, setting forth his theory of “permanent revolution.” He escaped to Vienna in 1907, worked as a journalist in the Balkan Wars (1912-13), and moved around Europe and the U.S. until the Russian Revolution of 1917 brought him back to St. Petersburg (then Petrograd), where he became a Bolshevik and was elected leader of the workers' soviet. He played a major role in the overthrow of the provisional government and the establishment of Lenin's communist regime. As commissar of war (1918-24), Trotsky rebuilt and brilliantly commanded the Red Army during the Russian Civil War. Though favored by Lenin to succeed him, he lost support after Lenin's death (1924) and was forced out of power by Joseph Stalin. After a campaign of denunciation, he was expelled from the Politburo (1926) and Central Committee (1927), then banished from Russia (1929). He lived in Turkey and France, where he wrote his memoirs and a history of the revolution. Under Soviet pressure, he was forced to move around Europe and eventually found asylum in 1936 in Mexico, where, falsely accused in the Purge Trials as the chief conspirator against Stalin, he was murdered in 1940 by a Spanish communist.