格别乌(KGB)

俄语全名国家安全委员会（Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti）

负责间谍、反间谍和国内安全的苏维埃机构。该机构可追溯到1917年成立的契卡（Cheka），任务是对反革命和破坏行为的初步调查。契卡後来被国家政治保安局（GPU，後改名国家政治保安总局〔OGPU〕）所代替，这是新苏联的第一个秘密警察机构（1923）。它还管理集体劳动营，并监督强迫性的集体化俄罗斯农场。到1931年它还拥有自己的军队和间谍，而密告者到处都是。1934年并入新的内务人民委员部（NKVD），带动了大规模的整肃运动。1941年将国家安全和谍报活动的职能分出，另立国家安全部（MGB）。1954年成立了格别乌。在它最风光的时期，曾是世界最大的秘密警察单位和间谍组织，後来在戈巴契夫的治下丧失权力，特别是在1991年领导一次未遂政变後。在苏联解体後改名，其国内安全的职能已与间谍活动、反间谍活动分离出来。

English version：

KGB

(“Committee for State Security”) Soviet agency responsible for intelligence, counterintelligence, and internal security. It was the descendant of earlier agencies. The Cheka was established in 1917 to investigate counterrevolution and sabotage. Its successor, the GPU (later OGPU), was the new Soviet Union's first secret-police agency (1923); it also administered corrective labor camps and oversaw the forcible collectivization of Russia's farms. By 1931 it had its own army and its spies and informers were ubiquitous. In 1934 it was absorbed into the NKVD, which carried out extensive purges. In 1941 the state-security and espionage functions were combined in the MGB. In 1954 the KGB was created. At its peak, it was the world's largest secret-police and espionage organization. It lost power under Mikhail Gorbachev, especially after leading a failed coup d'état (1991). It was renamed after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, and its internal-security functions were segregated from its espionage and counterespionage operations.