塞尚(1839～1906年)

Cézanne, Paul

法国画家，被称为现代绘画之父。1858年塞尚遵父命入大学法学院学习，1861年赴巴黎学习绘画。曾在落选者沙龙（1863）展示作品，受人抨击，但他坚持不懈。并开始与印象派画家马奈、毕沙罗、莫内、雷诺瓦和窦加等为伍。1874和1877年与他们一起展出作品。他着重物体内在的结构，而不是印象派所强调的由光线照射到物体上所反映出来的客观形象，并运用立体色块和结构线条来作画。1870年代起，发展出一种激荡人心同时表现深邃空间和表面结构的全新格调。此时期的代表作是一系列描绘普罗旺斯的圣维克多山的大幅风景画。塞尚以同样的方法创造肖像画和描绘日常生活情景，最着名的是《坐在黄扶手椅上的塞尚夫人》（1890～1894）和《玩牌者》（1890～1892）。一生画有两百余幅出色的静物画。1895年塞尚举办了第一次个人画展，但大家对他的作品反应冷淡，一直到他在独立者沙龙（1899、1901和1902）及世界展览（1900）展出後，画廊业者才开始找寻他的作品展出。死後隔年在巴黎的秋季沙龙举办了回顾展，共展出五十六幅作品，颇受欢迎。他的作品和思想对20世纪许多美术家及美术运动（特别是立体主义）的审美观念发展有很大影响。

English version：

1839～1906年

Cézanne, Paul

French painter, one of the fathers of modern painting. In 1859 he entered law school; in 1861 he left to study art in Paris. Works he exhibited at the Salon des Refusés (1863) were denounced, but he persevered. He became associated with the Impressionists Claude Monet, Camille Pissarro, Edouard Manet, Edgar Degas, and Auguste Renoir; in 1874 and 1877 he exhibited with them. Unlike the Impressionists, he emphasized the structure of objects rather than the vision presented by the light that emanated from them, composing with cubic masses, patches of color, and architectonic lines. From the 1870s he developed a radically new way of simultaneously depicting deep space and flat design; great works of the period include the series of monumental landscapes of Mont Ste.-Victoire. He used the same approach in portraiture and everyday scenes, most notably in Madame Cézanne in a Yellow Armchair (1890) and The Card Players (1890-92). He painted more than 200 still lifes. Public reception of his first one-man exhibition (1895) was cool, but after he exhibited at the Salon des Indépendants (1899, 1901, 1902) and the Exposition Universelle (1900), the galleries finally began seeking his works. The year after his death, a retrospective showing of 56 paintings won critical acclaim. His work was a major source of inspiration for the Cubists Georges Braque, Pablo Picasso, and Juan Gris. See also Cubism, Impressionism, Postimpressionism.