印度音乐(Indian music)

印度次大陆的音乐。尽管印度拥有广大区域和多种文化，其音乐传统却牵涉到独特的主要线索。由於印度早期音乐理论进步，传统有了连续性；又因印度是佛教的诞生地，其音乐势力也扩展到其他国家。最早的资料来源是5世纪一本论述戏剧的着作，包括论述音乐和舞蹈的段落。当时已有八度22音的体系，从中获得了两个基本的7音音阶。两个音阶中的任何一音皆可作为首音，总共产生十四个音阶；这篇论文也强调不同音阶的感情性格。称为拉格（ragas）的调式概念是印度音乐的核心。印度音乐中的节奏类似音阶的构造，是附加的。西方音乐的节奏从节拍的脉络中理解，而印度音乐节奏的建立是从较小的区块累积为较大的结构，这个概念对20世纪的西方作曲家产生影响。其基本节奏模式称为塔拉（tala）。印度音乐基本上是单音的，包含低音部上的单一旋律，虽然鼓声部分可能几乎取代另一个声音。音乐通常用於娱乐，但也与印度教发生密切关系。虽然印度音乐拥有繁复的理论并使用记谱法，其传统却是口头的，从大师到门徒是唯一权威的传递。人声是传统印度音乐的核心。印度弦乐器包括西塔琴（sitar）、萨罗德琴（sarod）、塔姆布拉琴（tambura）、维那琴（vina），而最重要的敲击乐器是塔布拉鼓（tabla），吹奏乐器的重要性低於西方音乐。

English version：

Indian music

Music of the Indian subcontinent. Despite India's vast area and many cultures, its musical traditions are linked by distinctive central threads. Because of early advances of music theory in India, the tradition has had continuity, and because India was the birthplace of Buddhism, its musical influence has spread to other countries. The earliest source is a 5th-century book on theater that includes sections on music and dance. A system of 22 divisions of the octave, from which two basic seven-tone scales derive, was by then already in place. Any tone in both scales could serve as the first tone, making 14 scales in all. The treatise also emphasizes the emotional character of different scales. Central to Indian music is the concept of modes known as ragas. Rhythm in Indian music, like the construction of scales, is additive. Whereas rhythm in Western music is understood within the context of meter, Indian rhythm is built up from smaller building blocks into larger structures, a concept that has been influential on 20th-cent Western composers. Its basic rhythmic patterns are called talas. Indian music is basically monodic, consisting essentially of a single melody against a drone, though the drum part may virtually constitute another voice. Music is generally for entertainment, but is nevertheless closely linked to Hinduism. Though Indian music has an elaborate theory and employs notation, its tradition is oral and the only authoritative transmission is from master to disciple. The voice is central to traditional Indian music. Indian stringed instruments include the sitar, sarod, tambura, and vina; the most important percussion instrument is perhaps the tabla; wind instruments play a lesser role than in Western music.