乔姆斯基(1928年～)

Chomsky, (Avram) Noam

美国语言学家和政治活动家。自小受其父影响从事语言学研究，後来在宾夕法尼亚大学取得博士学位。1955年在麻省理工学院任教。乔姆斯基把语言看作是普遍本能的结晶，并把他关於语言的概念，同17世纪理性主义哲学家的概念联系起来。主要语法理论着作有《句法结构》（1957），在该书中他陈述了他的转换语法理论；《句法理论的几个方面》（1965）；《笛卡儿主义语言学》（1966）；《英语语音图解》（1968）；《语言和思想》（1968）；《语言学理论的逻辑结构》（1975）；《语言和责任》（1979）讨论了语言和政治的关系、理念和科学的历史，以及生成语法的衍生物；《海盗和皇帝》（1986）、《论权力和意识形态》（1987）和《语言和知识诸问题》（1988），进一步研究了这些主题。他是转换语法亦即生成语法的奠基人之一，这是一种独创的语言分析体系。乔姆斯基还因长期反对美国政府的外交政策而知名，从1960年代反越战到1999年反对轰炸南斯拉夫等。并写了许多书和文章来表达他的政治观点，其中有《走向新的冷战》（1982）、《权力与意识形态》（1987）和《新旧世界秩序》（1994）。

English version：

1928年～

Chomsky, (Avram) Noam

U.S. linguist and political activist. He was born in Philadelphia and received his Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania. He joined the faculty at MIT in 1955. Through a long series of books and articles beginning with Syntactic Structures (1957), Chomsky has maintained as his goal the articulation of a theory of universal grammar, that is, a framework of principles that would account for all language-specific rules. His work has had two decisive effects. One was to focus new emphasis on syntax, previously a relatively unexplored area of language. The other was to make theories of language and linguistic competence independent of any particular language corpus, so that linguists tended to develop models of syntax or phonology and test them against real-language “facts,” rather than draw theoretical generalizations from a collection of data. Chomsky has also been well-known for his long career of protest against U.S. government foreign policy, from the Vietnam War in the 1960s to the bombing of Yugoslavia in 1999. His political views have been expounded in many books and articles, including On Power and Ideology (1987) and World Orders, Old and New (1994).