英格兰(England)

拉丁语作Anglia

大不列颠岛的南部，不含威尔斯，人口约48,904,000（1995）。它是大不列颠与北爱尔兰联合王国（United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland）的最大单位。英格兰常被误认为与大不列颠岛甚至整个英国同义。尽管政治、经济、文化的遗产使其名长存，英格兰却不再以国家的形式正式存在，在联合王国内也未享有个别的政治地位。土地属於低矮丘陵地和高原，海岸线长达2,000哩（3,200公里）。坚实的高地本宁山脉隔离了英格兰北部，切维厄特丘陵（Cheviot Hills）界定了苏格兰边线。科兹窝德山（Cotswold Hills）和埃克斯穆尔（Exmoor）、达特穆尔（Dartmoor）高原区位於西南部，唐斯（Downs）位於东南部，而南部为索尔斯堡平原（Salisbury Plain）。英格兰的气候多变，海上气候通常温和，但不稳定。面积50,363平方哩（130,439平方公里），被分为八个地理区，常被指为英格兰的标准区域，这些区域并不发挥任何行政功能。东南区以伦敦为中心，是经济上的支配性区域。它包含了范围广泛的制造业、以科学为基础的工业、商业活动。西密德兰（West Midlands）位於英格兰中西部，属於多元化的制造区，以伯明罕（Birmingham）为中心。本区也包括莎士比亚乡间，以阿文河畔斯特拉福（Stratford-upon-Avon）为中心。东密德兰位於英格兰中东部，也是一个制造区，还包含煤矿场及英格兰最好的一些农地。东英吉利亚是英格兰的最东部分，主要是农业区，但高科技工业亦在此发展。曼彻斯特（Manchester）和利物浦（Liverpool）是西北区主要的制造城市，该区以纺织制造业而闻名，而今逐渐让位给工程工业。亨伯赛德（Humberside）位於东部，以纺织和制钢业而闻名，也有化学和工程工业，以及广大的农地。北区延伸到苏格兰边界，包括着名的湖区，还有煤矿场及船坞。包括康瓦耳在内的西南区拥有日益成长的旅游业，而有些地区逐渐工业化。英格兰特别因漫长而丰富的文学传统而闻名，也有着名的建筑、绘画、剧院、博物馆、大学（参阅Oxford, University of、Cambridge, University of）。亦请参阅Great Britain、United Kingdom。

English version：

England

Southern part (pop., 1995 est.: 48,904,000) of the island of Great Britain, excluding Wales. It is the largest unit of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. England is often erroneously considered synonymous with the island of Great Britain and even with the entire kingdom. Despite the political, economic, and cultural legacy that has perpetuated its name, however, England no longer officially exists as a country and enjoys no separate political status within the United Kingdom. It is a land of low hills and plateaus, with a 2,000-mi (3,200-km) coastline. A substantial upland, the Pennines, divides northern England; the Cheviot Hills define the Scottish border. In the southwest lie the Cotswold Hills and the plateau regions of Exmoor and Dartmoor; in the southeast lie the Downs, and in the south the Salisbury Plain. English weather is diverse, with a generally mild but erratic maritime climate. Its 50,363-sq-mi (130,439-sq-km) area is divided into eight geographic regions, often referred to as the standard regions of England; they do not serve any administrative function. The South East, centered on London, is an economically dominant area. It contains an extensive range of manufacturing and science-based industry and commercial endeavors. The West Midlands, in western central England, is a diversified manufacturing region that centers on Birmingham. The region also includes the Shakespeare country, centered on Stratford-upon-Avon. The East Midlands, in eastern central England, is also a manufacturing region and contains coalfields and some of England's best farmland. East Anglia is the easternmost part of England. It is mainly an agricultural region, but high-technology industries have developed there. Manchester and Liverpool are the chief manufacturing cities of the North West; the region is known for textile manufacturing, which is gradually giving way to engineering industries. The Humberside region lies to the east and is noted for textiles and steel making; it also has chemical and engineering industries and extensive farmland. The North region extends north to the Scottish border. It includes the celebrated Lake District, as well as coalfields and shipyards. The South West region, which includes Cornwall, has a growing tourist industry, and some areas are becoming industrialized. England is especially noted for its long and rich literary tradition, as well as for its architecture, painting, theaters, museums, and universities (see University of Oxford, University of Cambridge). See also Great Britain, United Kingdom.