和平主义(pacifism)

一种信念，反对以战争、暴力手段来处理争端。佛教教义中最早出现和平主义者，例如反对战争的阿育王（the Buddhist king Ashoka），虽然在不同时间地点的佛教经典可能未明文禁止统治者进行战争。在希腊，和平的概念是被理解为属於个人的，到了罗马帝国统治的承平时代（Pax Romana），和平的概念并不适用於所谓的蛮人（barbarians）身上。基督教时代表面上支持和平主义，但在中世纪以前，基督教的和平概念，则与罗马承平时代一样，只适用於教徒身上。在17至18世纪的和平主义思潮，主要认为和平必须使权力由统治者转移到人民身上，并宣称战争是统治者的野心与傲慢之产物。19至20世纪的和平主义者的主要重点，则转换为推动解除军备以及设立国际组织，例如国际联盟（League of Nations）和联合国（United Nations）。但是，国家层次的和平主义，对於侵略者如果没有相同道德标准的问题该如何解决，还不能提出令人满意的解答。另外，个人层次的和平主义者，则可能会是拒服兵役者（conscientious objector）。托尔斯泰（Leo Tolstoy）、甘地（Mohandas K. Gandhi）、马丁路德.金恩（Martin Luther King），都是因为他们的和平主义主张而闻名。

English version：

pacifism

Opposition to war and violence as a means of settling disputes. The tenets of Buddhism made it the first genuinely pacifist movement: the Buddhist king Ashoka renounced war, though in other times and places Buddhist doctrines did not prevent rulers from waging war. The Greek conception of peace was an individual one, while the Pax Romana of the Roman empire did not apply to so-called barbarians. Aspects of Christianity supported pacifism, but by the Middle Ages the Christian peace, like the Pax Romana, was only for those within the fold. In the 17th-18th century, pacifist thought focused on the idea that transferring power from sovereigns to the people would result in peace, because, it was claimed, wars were a product of sovereigns' ambitions and pride. In the 19th-20th century, the pacifist theme led to interest in general disarmament and the founding of international organizations such as the League of Nations and the United Nations. Pacifism on a national level has yet to satisfactorily address the problem of an aggressor that does not possess the same moral scruples. Personal pacifism may lead one to become a conscientious objector. Leo Tolstoy, Mohandas K. Gandhi, and Martin Luther King became well known for their pacifism.