排犹主义(anti-Semitism)

基於宗教或种族群体的观念而敌视或歧视犹太人。虽然anti-Semitism这个词已广为使用，但它是个使用不当的词，暗示着对所有闪米特人的歧视。阿拉伯人和其他民族也是闪米特人，但通常大家都知道他们不是排犹主义的目标。纳粹排犹主义在大屠杀中达到高潮，他们具有种族差别的偏见，认定犹太人有某些生物学上的特性。这种反犹太种族主义的变型可追溯到19世纪所谓的「科学种族主义」，与更早的反犹太人偏见有本质上的不同。在4世纪时，基督教徒常视犹太人为异邦人，由於他们不承认基督而被惩罚要永久迁徙。中世纪时，在欧洲许多地方，犹太人没有公民身分和权利（虽然有些社会对其较宽容些），在那个时期曾多次遭到驱逐。18世纪启蒙运动和法国大革命为欧洲带来新的宗教自由，但19世纪时暴力歧视又加强了（参阅pogrom），排犹主义的主要原因已是种族问题而非宗教问题。20世纪时，因第一次世界大战造成的政治、经济的混乱更强化了排犹主义。第二次世界大战期间，估计有近六百万名犹太人遭到纳粹的杀害。

English version：

anti-Semitism

Hostility toward or discrimination against Jews as a religious or racial group.Although the term anti-Semitism has wide currency, it is a misnomer, implying discrimination against all Semites. Arabs and other peoples are also Semites yet not the targets of anti-Semitism as it is usually understood. Nazi anti-Semitism, which culminated in the Holocaust, had a racist dimension, targeting Jews because of their supposed biological characteristics. This variety of anti-Jewish racism dates from the so-called ‘‘scientific racism'' in the 19th century and is different in nature from earlier anti-Jewish prejudices. By the 4th century, Christians tended to see Jews as an alien people whose repudiation of Christ had condemned them to perpetual migration. Jews were denied citizenship and its rights in much of Europe in the Middle Ages (though some societies were more tolerant), and there were forced expulsions of Jews from several regions in that period. The Enlightenment and the French Revolution brought a new religious freedom to Europe in the 18th century, but in the 19th century violent discrimination intensified (see pogrom), and race rather than religion became the primary basis for anti-Semitism. In the 20th century, the economic and political dislocations caused by World War I intensified anti-Semitism. Under the Nazis during World War II, an estimated six million Jews were exterminated.