克伦威尔(1599～1658年)

Cromwell, Oliver

英国军人和政治家，共和政体之英格兰、苏格兰、爱尔兰国协的护国公（1653～1658）。1628年当选国会议员，但查理一世在1629年解散国会，十一年未再召集议会。1640年克伦威尔被选入短期国会和长期国会。当查理与国会之间的争议爆发为英国内战时，克伦威尔成为国会派的主要将领之一，赢得许多重要的胜利，包括马斯敦荒原战役和内兹比战役。他是让国王接受审判的人们之一，还签下他的处死令。在不列颠群岛组成国协後，他担任第一届国家会议的主席。往後几年，他在爱尔兰、苏格兰与保皇派战斗，压制了由平均派发起的叛变。当查理二世进入英格兰时，克伦威尔在渥斯特将其军队摧毁（1651），结束了内战。身为护国公，克伦威尔再度提升国家的地位，使之成为欧洲主要的强权，并终止了英荷战争。他虽然是虔诚的喀尔文教派信徒，却致力於宗教宽容。他拒绝1657年国会献给他的国王头衔，死後他的儿子理查.克伦威尔继承了他的职位。

English version：

1599～1658年

Cromwell, Oliver

English soldier and statesman, lord protector of the republican Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1653-58). He was elected to Parliament in 1628, but Charles I dissolved that Parliament in 1629 and did not call another for 11 years. In 1640 Cromwell was elected to the Short and the Long Parliament. When differences between Charles and Parliament erupted into the English Civil Wars, Cromwell became one of the leading generals on the Parliamentary side, winning many notable victories, including the Battles of Marston Moor and Naseby. He was among those who brought the king to trial and signed his death warrant. After the British Isles were named the Commonwealth, he served as the first chairman of the Council of State. In the next few years he fought against the Royalists in Ireland and Scotland and suppressed a mutiny inspired by the Levelers. When Charles II advanced into England, Cromwell destroyed his army at Worcester (1651), the battle that ended the civil wars. As lord protector (1653-58), Cromwell raised his country's status once more to that of a leading European power and concluded the Anglo-Dutch War. Though a devout Calvinist, he pursued policies of religious toleration. He refused the title of king, offered to him by Parliament in 1657. After his death, he was succeeded by his son Richard Cromwell.

参考文章

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