摩根(1818～1881年)
Morgan, Lewis Henry
美国人种学家和科学人类学的主要创始人。曾受律师训练。摩根对美国印第安人发生浓厚兴趣，1846年被塞尼卡人接受为部落成员。其作品《人类血族和姻族制度》（1871）是对亲属关系进行的世界性调查，试图建立文化间的联系，尤其是说明美洲印第安人的祖先来自亚洲。这本书形成了社会文化演化的综合理论，《古代社会》（1877）一书中作了进一步阐述。他声称，社会组织的进步主要来自於食物制造的变化，社会从狩猎和采集阶段（野性）发展到定居的农业社会（原始）再到现代文明。这种理论以及其相关理论－－社会源於杂乱通婚的社会状态，再通过不同形式的家庭生活最後到达一夫一妻制－－已经过时。但多年来，摩根一直是美国人类学的泰斗，其前卫思想影响了很多其他理论，包括马克思和恩格斯的理论。
English version：
1818～1881年
Morgan, Lewis Henry
U.S. ethnologist and a principal founder of scientific anthropology. Born near Aurora, N.Y., and trained as an attorney, Morgan developed a deep interest in the American Indians and in 1846 was eventually adopted by the Seneca. His Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family (1871) was a world survey of kinship systems that sought to establish connections between cultures and particularly to establish the Asiatic origin of the American Indians. This work led to a comprehensive theory of sociocultural evolution, set forth in Ancient Society (1877). He claimed that advances in social organization arose primarily from changes in food production, and that society had progressed from a hunting-and-gathering stage (“savagery”) to one of settled agriculture (“barbarism”) to modern “civilization.” This theory, with the related theory that society originated in a state of sexual promiscuity and advanced through various forms of family life before culminating in monogamy, is now obsolete. For many years, however, Morgan was the dean of American anthropology, and his pioneering ideas influenced the theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, among others.
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