狄托(1892～1980年)

Tito，原名Josip Broz。

南斯拉夫政治家、总理（1945～1953）和总统（1953～1980）。出身克罗埃西亚农家，第一次世界大战中参加了奥匈帝国军队，1915年被俄国人俘虏。在俄国期间，他参加了1917年的七月危机游行，并加入了布尔什维克党。1920年返回克罗埃西亚，成为当地南斯拉夫共产党的领导者，除了一段时期被关（1928～1934），狄托在党内不断升职，1939年成为南斯拉夫共产党总书记。第二次世界大战中，狄托（1935年左右开始使用的化名）成为南斯拉夫党派中最有效率的领导者。1943年担任元帅，加强了共产党在南斯拉夫的统治。担任南斯拉夫总理和总统後，他抵制苏联的控制，发展了一套独立自主的社会主义统治方式，奉行不结盟政策，与其他不结盟国家建立关系，并改善了南斯拉夫同西方强国的关系。在国内他实行「平衡联邦制度」（1974），一方面使境内六个共和国和塞尔维亚自治区（包括科索沃）之间建立了平等的关系；另一方面实行强有力的控制以防止分裂运动。他死後，塞尔维亚的统治引起其他各国的憎恨，最终导致联邦制度的解体。

English version：

1892～1980年

Tito

Yugoslav politician, premier (1945-53), and president (1953-80). Born in Croatia to a peasant family, he fought in the Austro-Hungarian army in World War I and was captured by the Russians in 1915. While in Russia, he took part in the July Days demonstrations (1917) and joined the Bolsheviks. In 1920 he returned to Croatia, where he became a local leader of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia. He rose in the party hierarchy, interrupted by a prison term (1928-34), to become its secretary-general in 1939. In World War II, Tito (a pseudonym he adopted around 1935) proved an effective leader of Yugoslav partisans. As marshal from 1943, he strengthened communist control of Yugoslavia. As premier and president, he developed an independent form of socialist rule in defiance of the Soviet Union, pursued a policy of nonalignment, built ties with other nonaligned states, and improved relations with the Western powers. Within Yugoslavia, he set up a system of “symmetrical federalism” (1974) that established equality among the six republics and Serbia's autonomous provinces (including Kosovo), while maintaining tight control to prevent separatist movements. After his death, resentment of Serbian domination led gradually to a dissolution of the federal system.