尼赫鲁(1889～1964年)

Nehru, Jawaharlal

印度独立後的第一任总理（1947～1964）。独立运动提倡者莫提拉尔.尼赫鲁1861～1931）之子，尼赫鲁曾受家庭教育和在英国求学，1912年成为律师。由於对政治的兴趣大於法律，他对甘地的印度独立运动印象深刻。他与印度国民大会党的密切关系始於1919年，1929年尼赫鲁当选为该党主席，主持有历史意义的拉合尔会议，宣告印度的政治目标是完全独立而非自治领的地位。1921～1945年间因其政治活动而被捕九次。印度在1935年获得有限度的自治权，但尼赫鲁领导的国大党却不明智地拒绝与一些省份的穆斯林联盟组成联合政府。印度教与穆斯林教之间愈加恶化的关系终导致印度分裂和巴基斯坦建国。就在1948年甘地遭暗杀的短暂时间前，尼赫鲁成为印度独立後的第一任总理。冷战期间他提出不结盟的外交政策，因此当他投入任何阵营时都引来严厉的批评。在其任期内，印度分别与巴基斯坦和中国在喀什米尔和布拉马普得拉河谷发生冲突。他也从葡萄牙人处夺回卧亚。其对内政策为民主、社会主义、现世主义、团结，将现代价值观念融入於印度现况中。在其过世後两年，其女甘地夫人接任印度总理。

English version：

1889～1964年

Nehru, Jawaharlal

First prime minister of independent India (1947-64). Son of the independence advocate Motilal Nehru (1861-1931), Nehru was educated at home and in Britain and became a lawyer in 1912. More interested in politics than law, he was impressed by Mohandas K. Gandhi's approach to Indian independence. His close association with the Indian National Congress began in 1919; in 1929 he became its president, presiding over the historic Lahore session that proclaimed complete independence (rather than dominion status) as India's political goal. He was imprisoned nine times between 1921 and 1945 for his political activity. When India was granted limited self-government in 1935, the Congress Party under Nehru unwisely refused to form coalition governments with the Muslim League in some provinces; the hardening of relations between Hindus and Muslims that followed ultimately led to the partition of India and the creation of Pakistan. Shortly before Gandhi's assassination in 1948, Nehru became the first prime minister of independent India. He attempted a foreign policy of nonalignment during the Cold War, drawing harsh criticism when he strayed into either camp. During his tenure India clashed with Pakistan over Kashmir and with China over the Brahmaputra River valley. He also wrested Goa from the Portuguese. Domestically he promoted democracy, socialism, secularism, and unity, adapting modern values to Indian conditions. His daughter, Indira Gandhi, became prime minister two years after his death.