乔治亚-科普123

乔治亚

杂烩百科2023-02-02 17:14:01百科

乔治亚

乔治亚(Georgia)

正式名称乔治亚共和国（Republic of Georgia）。

乔治亚语作Sakartvelo

南亚一共和国。位於高加索山脉地区，黑海的东南岸，包括阿布哈兹和阿札尔两个自治共和国。面积69,492平方公里。人口约4,989,000（2001）。首都︰第比利斯。2/3的人口是乔治亚人，少数是亚美尼亚人、俄罗斯人和亚塞拜然人。语言︰乔治亚语（官方语）。宗教：乔治亚东正教。货币单位︰拉里（lari）。境内大部分是山区，许多山峰海拔超过4,600公尺。高加索山脉构成了一道屏障，抵挡了来自北方的冷气团，气候主要是亚热带型。靠近黑海岸边的低地土壤肥沃。已有完好的工业基础，以水力发电、煤、铁、机器制造和纺织业闻名。耕地短缺并难以耕作，作物包括茶叶、柑橘类水果、葡萄、甜菜和烟草。政府形式为共和国，一院制。国家元首暨政府首脑是总统。

古代乔治亚是伊比利亚和科尔基斯王国所在地，传说是块富饶地区，为古希腊人所知。西元前65年属罗马帝国，西元337年皈依基督教。此後三百年间卷入拜占庭和波斯帝国之间的斗争。654年起，为阿拉伯哈里发控制，他们在第比利斯建立了一个酋长国。8世纪至12世纪归亚美尼亚的巴格拉提德王朝统治，塔玛拉女王在位期间是乔治亚的国力鼎盛时期，国家版图从亚塞拜然拓至切尔卡西亚，形成一个大高加索帝国。13～14世纪蒙古人和土耳其人相继入侵，分裂了这个王国，而1453年鄂图曼土耳其人攻陷君士坦丁堡（现在的伊斯坦堡）後，中断了乔治亚与西方基督教世界的联系。其後三百年间乔治亚不断遭到亚美尼亚、土耳其和波斯人的侵袭。1783年乔治亚转请俄国人保护，1801年终被俄国吞并。1917年俄国革命後，该区曾短暂独立，1921年建立一个苏维埃政权，1936年改名为乔治亚苏维埃联邦社会主义共和国，成为苏联的正式成员国。1990年一个非共产主义联盟在乔治亚第一次举办的自由选举中胜出，掌管了政权。1991年乔治亚宣布独立。1990年代时，总统谢瓦纳兹试图走中间路线，这是因与阿布哈兹共和国之间的冲突导致内部不满，加上外部对俄罗斯人的不信任感日益加深。

English version：

Georgia

GeorgianSakartveloRepublic, South Asia. In the Caucasus Mtns., on the southeastern shores of the Black Sea, it includes the autonomous republics of Abkhazia and Adzharia. Area: 26,831 sq mi (69,492 sq km). Population (1997 est.): 5,377,000. Capital: Tbilisi. Two-thirds of the people are Georgian (Karttvelebi); minorities include Armenians, Russians, and Azerbaijanis. Language: Georgian (official). Religion: Georgian Orthodoxy. Currency: lari. Most of Georgia is mountainous; many peaks rise higher than 15,000 ft (4,600 m). The Caucasus protect it against cold air from the north, and the climate is mainly subtropical. Fertile lowlands lie near the shores of the Black Sea. It has a well-developed industrial base, noted for hydroelectric power, coal and steel, machinery production, and textiles. Agricultural land is in short supply and difficult to farm; crops include tea, citrus fruits, wine grapes, sugar beets, and tobacco. It is a republic with one legislative body; its head of state and government is the president. Ancient Georgia was the site of the kingdoms of Iberia and Colchis, whose fabled wealth was known to the ancient Greeks. The area was part of the Roman empire by 65 BC, and became Christian in AD 337. For the next three centuries it was involved in the conflicts between the Byzantine and Persian empires; after 654 it was controlled by Arab caliphs, who established an emirate in Tbilisi. It was controlled by the Armenian Bagratids from the 8th to the 12th century, and the zenith of Georgia's power was reached in the reign of Queen Tamara, whose realm stretched from Azerbaijan to Circassia, forming a pan-Caucasian empire. Invasions by Mongols and Turks in the 13th-14th century disintegrated the kingdom, and the fall of Constantinople (now Istanbul) to the Ottoman Turks in 1453 isolated it from western Christendom. The next three centuries saw repeated invasions by the Armenians, Turks, and Persians. Georgia sought Russian protection in 1783, and in 1801 was annexed to Russia. After the Russian Revolution of 1917, the area was briefly independent; in 1921 a Soviet regime was installed, and in 1936 Georgia became the Georgian S.S.R., a full member of the Soviet Union. In 1990 a noncommunist coalition came to power in the first free elections ever held in Soviet Georgia, and in 1991, Georgia declared independence. In the 1990s, while Pres. Eduard Shevardnadze tried to steer a middle course, internal dissention resulted in conflicts with the Abkhaz Republic, and external distrust of Russian motives in the area grew.