委内瑞拉-科普123

委内瑞拉

杂烩百科2023-02-02 17:08:32百科

委内瑞拉

委内瑞拉(Venezuela)

正式名称委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国（Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela）

南美洲北部国家。面积912,050平方公里。人口约24,632,000（2001）。首都︰加拉卡斯。2/3以上的人口是穆拉托-梅斯蒂索人的後裔，其次为白人（约占1/5）、黑人（1/10）和印第安人。语言︰西班牙语（官方语）。宗教：天主教和一小部分新教。货币︰玻利瓦尔（B）。山脉和平原支配着委内瑞拉的地形。西部安地斯山脉的东北突起成为玻利瓦尔山。中部为拉诺斯草原，约占国土面积的1/3。奥利诺科河河系几乎遍布该国，河口并有广大而森林浓密的三角洲。安赫尔瀑布为世界最高的瀑布。主要的湖泊有马拉开波湖和瓦伦西亚湖。主要矿藏资源是石油和天然气。其他矿藏还有铁、铝、黄金和钻石。工业包括钢铁、化学、纺织和炼油。农产品有糖、咖啡、玉米、香蕉和可可。政府形式是共和国，两院制。国家元首暨政府首脑为总统。

原住民已在委内瑞拉居住了几千年。1498年哥伦布发现委内瑞拉海岸。次年，西班牙探险者奥赫达、韦斯普奇和科萨等人沿海岸探测。约1520年西班牙传教团在库马纳建立第一个欧洲人殖民地。1718年被纳入新格拉纳达总督辖区，1731年设有一个司令官。後来米兰达和玻利瓦尔率领委内瑞拉克里奥尔人，首先发动了南美洲的独立运动。1811年委内瑞拉就宣布脱离西班牙独立，但一直到1821年情况才确定下来。1830年起委内瑞拉先後由许多军事独裁者统治，直到1958年希梅内斯（M. P. Jimenez）被推翻为止。1961年颁布新宪法，象徵民主的开始。为石油输出国家组织创始会员之一，1970年代石油工业带来了经济繁荣，而其经济也十分依赖全世界的石油市场。1999年夏维兹政府颁布一部新宪法，同年在首都附近发生一场暴风雨，造成好几千人丧生。

English version：

Venezuela

Country, northern South America. Area: 352,144 sq mi (912,050 sq km). Population (2000 est.): 24,170,000. Capital: Caracas. More than two-thirds of the population is of mulatto-mestizo ancestry, followed by whites (about one-fifth), blacks (one-tenth), and Indians. Languages: Spanish (official), some 25 Indian languages. Religions: Roman Catholicism; some Protestantism. Currency: bolívar. Mountain ranges and plains dominate Venezuela's geography. In the west, a northeastern spur of the Andes rises to Pico Bolívar. The Llanos (plains) occupy one-third of the country's central region. The Orinoco River system covers almost the entire country and has an extensive and thickly wooded delta. The highest waterfall in the world, Angel Falls, is in Venezuela. Lakes include Maracaibo and Valencia. Principal mineral resources are petroleum and natural gas. Other mineral reserves include iron, bauxite, gold, and diamonds. Industries include steel, chemicals, textiles, and oil refining. Agricultural products, notably sugar, coffee, corn (maize), bananas, and cacao, are important. It is a republic with a unicameral legislature; its head of state and government is the president. Venezuela has been inhabited by indigenous peoples for millennia. In 1498 Christopher Columbus sighted it; in 1499 the navigators Alonso de Ojeda, Amerigo Vespucci, and Juan de la Cosa traced the coast. A Spanish missionary established the first European settlement at Cumana c. 1520. In 1718 it was included in the viceroyalty of New Granada and was made a captaincy general in 1731. Venezuelan Creoles led by Francisco de Miranda and Simón Bolívar spearheaded the South American independence movement, and though Venezuela declared independence from Spain in 1811, it was not assured until 1821. Military dictators generally ruled the country from 1830 until the overthrow of Marcos Pérez Jiménez in 1958. A new constitution adopted in 1961 marked the beginning of democracy. As a founding member of OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries), it enjoyed relative economic prosperity from oil production during the 1970s, and its economy has remained dependent on the world petroleum market. The government of Hugo Chavez promulgated a new constitution in 1999, the year in which a devastating rainstorm killed thousands in and around Caracas.