波士尼亚冲突(1992～1998年)

Bosnian conflict

波士尼亚赫塞哥维纳源於种族的战争，这个南斯拉夫的共和国拥有多种族人口--44%为伊斯兰教徒，33%为塞尔维亚人，17%为克罗埃西亚人。不安始於1990年南斯拉夫的解体，在1992年公民复决後，欧洲联盟承认波士尼亚独立。波士尼亚的塞尔维亚人反应激烈，占领了波士尼亚70%的领土，攻击塞拉耶佛，并对伊斯兰教徒及克罗埃西亚人采取恐怖行动，将之拘留在集中营、集体强奸、即时处决。1993年的和平计画无法获得支持。在波士尼亚的克罗埃西亚人与波士尼亚政府激烈战斗之後，国际压力迫使双边签订停火及邦联的协定。接着，二者瞄准他们共同的敌人塞尔维亚人。历经遭到否决的和约、攻击和反攻、四个月的停战、进一步的多向进攻、密集轰炸之後，1995年西方国家强迫他们在俄亥俄州达顿商讨最後的停火。在四十四个月超过二十万人死亡後，波士尼亚赫塞哥维纳可望成为两个分立实体而高度自治的单一国家。塞拉耶佛被分配给邦联，而其他细微的议题留待国际仲裁。如今，波士尼亚赫塞哥维纳实际上有三个单一种族的政治实体、三支分立的军队和警察，以及极弱的全国政府。政府权力集中於强硬民族主义派手中。

English version：

1992～1998年

Bosnian conflict

Ethnically rooted war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, a republic of Yugoslavia with a multiethnic population—44% Muslim, 33% Serb, and 17% Croat. Unrest began with Yugoslavia's breakup in 1990; after a 1992 referendum, the European Community recognized Bosnia's independence. Bosnia's Serbs responded violently, seized 70% of Bosnian territory, besieged Sarajevo, and terrorized Muslims and Croats with internment in concentration camps, mass rapes, and summary executions. A 1993 peace plan failed to garner support. After bitter fighting between the Bosnian Croats and the Bosnian government, international pressure forced the two factions to sign a cease-fire and an agreement for a federation. Both then concentrated on their common enemy, the Serbs. After rejected peace plans, attacks and counterattacks, a four-month truce, further multiple offensives, and an intensification of the bombing, the Western nations imposed a final cease-fire negotiated at Dayton, Ohio, in 1995. After 44 months and more than 200,000 deaths, Bosnia-Herzegovina was to become a single state composed of two distinct entities with great autonomy. Sarajevo was assigned to the federation, while other delicate issues were left to international arbitration. Today Bosnia-Herzegovina has three de facto monoethnic entities, three separate armies and police forces, and a very weak national government. Political power is concentrated among hard-line nationalists. See also Radovan Karadzic, Franjo Tudjman.