霍迦斯(1697～1764年)

Hogarth, William

英国画家和版画家。十五岁时在一银匠店里当学徒，二十二岁开设自己的版画和绘画作坊。他一方面靠从事图书插画的雕版印刷为生，一方面到私人素描学校学习。第一件主要作品《化妆舞会与歌剧》，抨击了当时的艺术鉴赏并向艺术机构提出质疑，使他树敌颇多。1728年创作第一幅油画，取材於《乞丐的歌剧》中的一个场景，表现出他对戏剧和喜剧主题的兴趣。他还为有钱的顾客画了《对话》（非正式的群体肖像）。他的关於当代道德主题的雕版画，常常以漫画形式出现，是给广大民众看的。这些画的成功奠定了他经济独立的基础。为了防止盗版以保证他的生活，他努力争取为保护艺术家的版权立法。1735年通过了英国的第一个版权法，就在这一年他发表了讽刺挖苦的八幅《浪子生涯》系列画；其他讽刺系列有《妓女生涯》（1730～1731）和《时髦婚姻》（1743～1745）。他建立的教学学会促使在1768年成立皇家美术院。

English version：

1697～1764年

Hogarth, William

British painter and engraver. Apprenticed at 15 to a silversmith, he opened his own engraving and printing shop at 22. He took private drawing lessons while earning a living as an engraver of book illustrations. His first major work, Masquerades and Operas, attacking contemporary taste and questioning the art establishment, won him many enemies. In 1728 he embarked on a painting career with A Scene from “The Beggar's Opera,” revealing his interest in theater and comic subject matter; he also painted “conversation pieces” (informal group portraits) for wealthy clients. His engravings of modern morality subjects, often in sequential sets, were aimed at a wide public, and their outstanding success established his financial independence. To safeguard his livelihood against pirated editions, he fought for legislation protecting artists' copyright. Britain's first copyright act was passed in 1735, the year he published his satirical eight-part series The Rake's Progress. His other satirical series include A Harlot's Progress (1730-31) and Marriage à la Mode (1743-45). The teaching academy he established led to the founding of the Royal Academy (1768).