印地语(Hindi language)

印度的印度-雅利安诸语言，全国人口中有超过30%能讲或能听懂这种语言。现代标准的印地语是印度北方几百万人的一种通用语，也是印度共和国的官方语言。它有效地继承了由克里波利方言发展来的印度斯坦语，16到18世纪属於蒙兀儿的德里的某些阶层和地区讲的就是这种方言。穆斯林作家使用的带有很重的波斯变型的克里波利语组成了乌尔都语的基础。英国人在加尔各答的威廉堡学院整理了印度斯坦语。18世纪後期和19世纪早期，印度的知识分子在那里用天城体文字创立了印度斯坦语的一种梵文形式（参阅Sanskrit language），它成为印度作者使用的现代书面印地语的先驱。在印度独立运动期间，印度斯坦语被看做是一个国家团结的因素，但是在1947年分开後这个态度就改变了，这个名字实际上不再使用，而是喜欢用印地语或乌尔都语。语言学家们，尤其是格利尔孙，也都把印度平原北方所有方言以及地区的书写语言都统称为印地语（参阅Indo-Aryan language）。印地语已经大大简化了旧的印度-雅利安语的复杂语法，同时还保留着某些发声的特点。

English version：

Hindi language

Indo-Aryan language of India, spoken or understood by more than 30% of the country's population. Modern Standard Hindi is a lingua franca (as well as native language) of millions of people in North India and the official language of the Indian Union. It is effectively a continuation of Hindustani, which developed from Khari Boli, the speech of certain classes and districts in Delhi affiliated with the Mughal court in the 16th-18th century. A heavily Persianized variant of Khari Boli used by Muslim authors formed the basis for Urdu. Hindustani was codified by the British at Fort William College in Calcutta (now Kolkata). There Hindu intellectuals promoted a Sanskritized form of Hindustani (see Sanskrit language) written in the Devanagari script (see Indic writing systems) in the late 18th and early 19th century; it became the progenitor of modern literary Hindi as used by Hindu authors. During the Indian independence movement, Hindustani was regarded as a national unifying factor, but after the partition in 1947 this attitude changed, and the name has practically dropped from use in favor of either Hindi or Urdu. Linguists, particularly George Abraham Grierson, have also used the term Hindi to refer collectively to all the dialects and regional literary languages of the northern Indian plain (see Indo-Aryan languages). Hindi has drastically simplified the complex grammar of Old Indo-Aryan while preserving certain phonetic features.