印象主义(Impressionism)

19世纪末期在法国兴起的一个艺术流派。在绘画方面，这个流派包括了一群艺术家约於1867～1886年间所创作的作品，他们有着相似的取向和技巧，也同样对学院教法不满。这批人最初包括莫内（Claude Monet）、雷诺瓦（Auguste Renoir）、毕沙罗（Camille Pissarro）、西斯莱（Alfred Sisley）、摩里索（Berthe Morisot）等。後来马奈（Edouard Manet，他的早期画风对其中几人有强烈影响）和加萨特（Mary Cassatt）与其他人也采用了印象派的风格。这些人的作品有一个共同特徵：力图精确客观地记录风景或现代都市生活场景实际上的视觉影像，把捉光线对色彩和质地所造成的各种瞬息效果。因此他们放弃了传统的较黯淡的褐色、灰色和绿色，而偏好更鲜活明亮的色调；不使用灰色和黑色来处理阴影；以一块一块的小色片来塑造出形体。他们采取布丹（Eugene Boudin）直接观察的方式，完全在户外作画。由於法蓝西翰林院（French Academy）的艺术沙龙（Salon）一直拒绝他们的大部分作品，这批画家在1874年自己办了一个画展，後来又陆续办了七次。一位艺评人语带嘲讽地称他们为「印象派」（Impressionists），他们却觉得这个称呼很精准的道出他们的意旨，而以印象派自称。该团体虽在1880年代晚期消散，但他们已为西方绘画带来一场革命。亦请参阅Postimpressionism、Salon des Indépendants。

English version：

Impressionism

Movement in art that developed in France in the late 19th century. In painting it included works produced c. 1867-86 by a group of artists who shared approaches, techniques, and discontent with academic teaching, originally including Claude Monet, Auguste Renoir, Camille Pissarro, Alfred Sisley, and Berthe Morisot. Later Edouard Manet, whose earlier style had strongly influenced several of them, Mary Cassatt, and others adopted the Impressionist style. The identifying feature of their work was an attempt to record the visual reality of a landscape or a scene from modern urban life accurately and objectively, capturing the transient effects of light on color and texture. To this end they abandoned the traditional muted browns, grays, and greens in favor of a lighter, more brilliant palette; stopped using grays and blacks for shadows; and built up forms out of discrete flecks and dabs of color. They adopted Eugene Boudin's practice of direct observation, painting entirely out of doors. As the French Academy's Salon consistently rejected most of their works, they held their own exhibition in 1874; seven others followed. A critic described them derisively as “impressionists,” and they adopted the name as an accurate description of their intent. Before dissolving in the late 1880s, the group had revolutionized Western painting. See also Postimpressionism, Salon des Indépendants.

参考文章

• 法国作曲家____，被称为近代“印象主义”音乐的鼻祖，代表作有《牧神午后》《佩列奥斯赫梅利桑德》《大海》等文学