透纳(1775～1851年)

Turner, J(oseph) M(sllord) W(illiam)

英国风景画家。理发师之子，1789年进入皇家学院。1802年完成全部学业，1807年担任绘画教授，专门教授透视法。早期的作品精确地对地点进行描绘，但很快从威尔逊那里学会了更有诗意的和富有想像力的手法。《沈船》（1805）展示了他对光线、气氛以及浪漫的、戏剧性主题的重视。在1819年的义大利之旅之後，他使用的色彩变得更加纯净，更加具有折射效果，对重点着色较重。後期作品如《日出，在海角有艘船》（1845），建筑和自然的细节都被颜色和光线的效果所取代，对物体的刻画很模糊。他的作品变得更具流动感，体现出运动和空间。在打破传统的表现手法後，预示了法国印象主义的到来。他在19世纪享有盛名，主要是因罗斯金对其早期作品极为热中。其晚期色彩画所体现的抽象特徵也受到20世纪的评论家称赞。

English version：

1775～1851年

Turner, J(oseph) M(sllord) W(illiam)

British landscape painter. The son of a barber, he entered the Royal Academy school in 1789. In 1802 he became a full academician and in 1807 was appointed professor of perspective. His early work was concerned with accurate depictions of places, but he soon learned from Richard Wilson to take a more poetic and imaginative approach. The Shipwreck (1805) shows his new emphasis on luminosity, atmosphere, and romantic, dramatic subjects. After a trip to Italy in 1819, his color became purer and more prismatic, with a general heightening of key. In later paintings, such as Sunrise, with a Boat Between Headlands (1845), architectural and natural details are sacrificed to effects of color and light, with only the barest indication of mass. His compositions became more fluid, suggesting movement and space. In breaking down conventional formulas of representation, he anticipated French Impressionism. His immense reputation in the 19th century was due largely to John Ruskin's enthusiasm for his early works; 20th-century critics celebrated the abstract qualities of his late color compositions.