种族(race)
原本是体质人类学（physical anthropology）惯用的字汇，指称一种人类的分支，他们共同具有族裔相传的体质特质，且是足以明显辨认的独特人类类型，例如高加索人（Caucasoid）、蒙古人（Mongoloid）、黑人（Negroid）等。但现在此一字汇已不太具有科学意义，随着老旧的分类方法（例如头发形式、体格指标）渐被淘汰，取而代之的是DNA比较分析法和基因频率，以及一些相关系数，像是血型检定（blood typing）、氨基酸分泌、先天酵素缺陷（inherited enzyme deficiencies）等。在今天，所有人类的基因都被发现是极为相似，因此大部分研究者都已放弃种族的概念，而改用连群（cline）的概念，意指沿着一条环境或地理转化线而产生的渐变式系列差异。这其实是反映了新的认知，承认人类族群永远处於流动的状态，而基因是恒常地由一个基因库流到另一个基因库，只会受限於生理界限和生态界线。然而族群的相对孤立，确实保存了基因的差异，也使得人群在一段长时期中，可以拥有最强的能力去适应气候和疾病；因此现存的族群完全是基因「混合」（mixed），但他们之间的差异其实并不能将他们进行简单分类。今天「种族」这个字汇基本上是社会学的名词，使拥有相同外在体质特徵及文化历史共同性的群体能自我确认。亦请参阅climatic adaptation, human、ethnic group、racism。
English version：
race
Term once commonly used in physical anthropology to denote a division of humankind possessing traits that are transmissible by descent and sufficient to characterize it as a distinct human type (e.g., Caucasoid, Mongoloid, Negroid). Today the term has little scientific standing, as older methods of differentiation, including hair form and body measurement, have given way to the comparative analysis of DNA and gene frequencies relating to such factors as blood typing, the excretion of amino acids, and inherited enzyme deficiencies. Because all human populations today are extremely similar genetically, most researchers have abandoned the concept of race for the concept of the cline, a graded series of differences occurring along a line of environmental or geographical transition. This reflects the recognition that human populations have always been in a state of flux, with genes constantly flowing from one gene pool to another, impeded only by physical or ecological boundaries. While relative isolation does preserve genetic differences and allow populations to maximally adapt to climatic and disease factors over long periods of time, all groups currently existing are thoroughly “mixed” genetically, and such differences as still exist do not lend themselves to simple typologizing. “Race” is today primarily a sociological designation, identifying a class sharing some outward physical characteristics and some commonalities of culture and history. See also climatic adaptation, ethnic group, racism.
参考文章
- 根据《宪法》，中华人民共和国年满（）周岁的公民，不分民族、种族、性别、职业、家庭出身、宗教信仰、教育程度、财产状况、居住期限，都有选举权和被选举权。法律题库
- 多动症的发病与种族、城乡区域有关吗？儿科
- 银屑病有种族差异吗皮肤科与传染
- 人类的所有种族是怎样起源的？宗教
- 不同种族的男女约会和联姻对头吗？哲学宗教
- 为什么说欧洲是一个种族单一、民族复杂的地区？地理知识
- 为什么说南非是白人种族主义统治的国家？地理知识
- 非洲是黑人的故乡，但为什么又说它的种族构成复杂呢？地理知识
- 金刚鹦鹉的地理分布、种族特点、食物、人工驯养、相关品种、混种、保护现状鸟类知识
- 盘点吸血鬼种族素材
