约旦-科普123

约旦

杂烩百科2023-02-02 16:23:14百科

约旦(Jordan)

正式名称约旦哈希姆王国（Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan）

阿拉伯语作Al-Urdun

南亚阿拉伯国家，位於约旦河东岸。邻叙利亚、伊拉克、沙乌地阿拉伯和以色列。有临亚喀巴湾19公里的海岸线。面积88,946平方公里。人口约5,132,000（2001）。首都︰安曼。多数人民为阿拉伯人，约60%是巴勒斯坦阿拉伯人，他们大多是以阿战争後从以色列和西岸移民至约旦的。语言︰阿拉伯语（官方语）。宗教︰伊斯兰教（国教），逾90%的人口信奉逊尼派。货币︰约旦第纳尔（JD）。约旦4/5的领土是沙漠，低於1/10的土地是可耕地。该国最高点是拉姆山（海拔1,754公尺），位於约旦河东岸的丘陵区。约旦河谷地区包含了死海。约旦经济主要仰赖制造业和服务业（包含旅游业）；出口品有磷酸盐、钾硷、药物、水果、蔬菜及肥料。政府形式为君主立宪政体，两院制。国家元首暨政府首脑是国王，由总理辅佐。

约旦与以色列共有许多相同的历史，因为两者均曾占领了史称巴勒斯坦的这个地方。今日约旦东部许多地区在西元前1000年左右是受以色列的大卫和所罗门统治。西元前330年沦入塞琉西王国手中，西元7世纪受穆斯林阿拉伯人统治。1099年十字军将耶路撒冷王国扩大至约旦河东部。16世纪时约旦臣服於鄂图曼土耳其的统治。1920年包含约旦的地区（当时称为外约旦）与英国托管的巴勒斯坦结合。1927年外约旦成为独立国家，虽然英国的托管直到1948年才结束。与以色列的敌意到1949年中止，约旦包含了约旦河的西岸地区，这个地区的统治权在1967年六日战争後由以色列取得。1970～1971年约旦因政府与巴勒斯坦解放组织（PLO）游击队的战事而国力日弱，经过一番奋斗，约旦将巴解组织逐出。1988年国王胡笙重新对所有约旦人宣布西岸归巴解组织所有。1994年约旦和以色列签署全面的和平条约。

English version：

Jordan

ArabicAl-UrdunArab state, South Asia, lying east of the Jordan River. It is bordered by Syria, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Israel. Jordan has 12 miles (19 km) of coastline on the Gulf of Aqaba. Area: 34,342 sq mi (88,946 sq km). Population (1997 est.): 4,522,000. Capital: Amman. The vast majority of the population are Arabs, about 60% of whom are Palestinian Arabs who emigrated to Jordan from Israel and the West Bank as a result of the Arab-Israeli Wars. Language: Arabic (official). Religion: Islam (official), with more than 90% of the population Sunnite. Currency: Jordan dinar. Four-fifths of Jordan is occupied by desert, and less than one-tenth of the country's land is arable. The country's highest point, Mount Ramm (5,755 ft, or 1,754 m), lies in the uplands region on the East Bank of the Jordan River. The Jordan Valley region contains the Dead Sea. Jordan's economy is based largely on manufacturing and services (including tourism); exports include phosphate, potash, pharmaceuticals, fruits and vegetables, and fertilizers. It is a constitutional monarchy with two legislative houses; the head of state and government is the king, assisted by the prime minister. Jordan shares much of its history with Israel, since both occupied the area known historically as Palestine. Much of present-day eastern Jordan was incorporated into Israel under David and Solomon c. 1000 BC. It fell to the Seleucids in 330 BC and to Muslim Arabs in the 7th century AD. The Crusaders extended the kingdom of Jerusalem east of the Jordan River in 1099. Jordan submitted to Ottoman Turkish rule during the 16th century. In 1920 the area comprising Jordan (then known as the Transjordan) was established within the British mandate of Palestine. Transjordan became an independent state in 1927, although the British mandate did not end until 1948. After hostilities with the new state of Israel ceased in 1949, Jordan annexed the West Bank of the Jordan River, administering the territory until Israel gained control of it in the Six-Day War of 1967. In 1970-71 Jordan was wracked by fighting between the government and guerrillas of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), a struggle that ended in the expulsion of the PLO from Jordan. In 1988 King Hussein renounced all Jordanian claims to the West Bank in favor of the PLO. In 1994 Jordan and Israel signed a full peace agreement.